What Is Deuterium - Deuterium Facts

What is deuterium? Heres a look at what deuterium is, where you might find it, and some of the uses of deuterium. Deuterium Definition Hydrogen is unique in that it has three isotopes which are named. Deuterium is one of the isotopes of hydrogen. It has one proton and one neutron.  In contrast, the most common isotope of hydrogen, protium, has one proton and no neutrons. Because deuterium contains a neutron, it is more massive or heavier than protium, so it is sometimes called heavy hydrogen. Theres a third hydrogen isotope, tritium, which may also be called heavy hydrogen because each atom contains one proton and two neutrons. Deuterium Facts The chemical symbol for deuterium is D. Sometimes the symbol 2H is used.Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen.  In other words, deuterium is not radioactive.The natural abundance of deuterium in the ocean is approximately 156.25 ppm, which is one atom in 6,400 of hydrogen.  In other words, 99.98% of hydrogen in the ocean is protium and only 0.0156% is deuterium (or 0.0312% by mass).The natural abundance of deuterium is slightly different from one water source to another.Deuterium gas is one form of naturally occurring pure hydrogen. Its chemical formula is written as either 2H2 or as D2. Pure deuterium gas is rare. Its more common to find deuterium bonded to a protium atom to form hydrogen deuteride, which is written as HD or 1H2H.The name for deuterium comes from the Greek word deuteros, which means second. This is in reference two the two particles, a proton, and a neutron, which make up the nucleus of a deuterium atom.A deuterium nucleus is termed a deuteron or deuton.Deut erium is used as a tracer, in nuclear fusion reactors and to slow down neutrons in heavy water moderated fission reactors.Deuterium was discovered in 1931 by Harold Urey. He used the new form of hydrogen to produce samples of heavy water. Urey won the Nobel Prize in 1934.Deuterium behaves differently from normal hydrogen in biochemical reactions. While its not deadly to drink a small amount of heavy water, for example, ingesting a large quantity can be lethal.Deuterium and tritium form stronger chemical bonds than the protium isotope of hydrogen. Of interest to pharmacology, its harder to remove carbon from deuterium. Heavy water is more viscous than ordinary water and is 10.6 times denser.Deuterium is one of only five stable nuclides that has an odd number of both protons and neutrons. In most atoms, odd numbers of protons and neutrons are unstable with respect to beta decay.The presence of deuterium has been confirmed on other planets in the solar system and in the spectra of star s. The outer planets have roughly the same deuterium concentration as each other. It is believed most of the deuterium present today was produced during the Big Bang nucleosynthesis event. Very little deuterium is seen in the Sun and other stars. Deuterium is consumed in stars at a faster rate than it is produced via the proton-proton reaction.Deuterium is made by separating naturally-occurring heavy water from a large volume of natural water. Deuterium could be produced in a nuclear reactor, but the method is not cost-effective.

Unions at the Work Place Free Essays

Work dominates modern life. Work can be satisfying, enjoyable and rewarding. Many of the difficulties which face several nations today arise from the fact that, over many years, a lot of people who want to work have been denied the chance to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Unions at the Work Place or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most employers treat their workers fairly. But some do not. Complaints about the way they were treated by their employer are rampant. Even the best bosses can make mistakes from time to time. Unions exist to help people at work and make the work place a better place. Basically, unions work on the simple principle that while an employer might be able to ignore the views of a single worker, if all workers speak with one voice the employer has to take notice. Unions encourage their members to take part in collective decisions on workplace issues and these views are then put to the employer. From time to time, Union members in the same workplace will get together to talk about common problems. The issues most likely to come up are pay, safety, unfair treatment of a group or individual, or simply the way the work is organized. The union members will usually elect someone to speak on their behalf – a shop steward or office representative. The rep will then discuss their concerns with management. Where the union has a recognition agreement with management they reach decisions together on key issues. In bigger workplaces there will be a number of representatives, sometimes from different unions, speaking on behalf of different groups of workers. And in very big workplaces some of these union representatives will spend much of their working day dealing with union business, talking to management helping solve problems on behalf of their members. Most sensible employers welcome these arrangements. They understand it is better for workers to have an independent means of dealing with problems rather than letting them fester or hoping they will be sorted out by the supervisors or line managers who are sometimes the cause of the problems. However, is that enough? Shall Unions’ responsibility be limited to those of their kinds or should it be widened to apply coverage to the whole society at large? Ross M. Martin, in the book Trade Unionism – Purposes and Forms, p. 62 wrote: â€Å"The responsibility of the part to the whole is inseparable from the idea that society is an organism. For the trade union that means a responsibility which extends beyond the membership, beyond the class, to society at large.† When we talk of trade union, we talk of association of workers for the purpose of improving their economic status and working conditions through collective bargaining. Historically there have been two major types of labor unions: the horizontal, or craft, union, in which all the members are skilled in a certain craft (e.g., carpenters); and the vertical, or industrial, union, composed of workers in the same industry, whatever their particular skills (e.g., automobile workers). A company union is an employee-controlled union having no affiliation with other labor organizations. The term closed shop refers to a company that hires only union members. In a union shop, employees are required to join a union within a specified time after being hired. An open shop does not restrict its employees to union members. Labor unions are essentially the product of the industrial revolution of the 19th century. In Great Britain, miners and textile workers were organized in the 1860s. Most European labor organizations today are either political parties or are affiliated with political parties, usually left-wing ones. In Britain today there are almost 23 million people in paid employment. Most of them spend up to a quarter of their lives at work – longer, on average, than anywhere else in Europe. Today almost seven million people in Europe belong to TUC unions (founded in Manchester in 1868) that is almost one worker in every three. Wherever people work there are union members – or potential union members. They include men and women; full-time and part-time workers; people in big businesses, and those in small ones; people who work for the government and those who work for themselves. Union members are no different from anyone else, except they tend to be better paid and have better working conditions because they have someone to stand up for them. Unions contribute to the success of an enterprise by helping employers plan for the future and manage change. Some of the most dynamic companies work routinely with the unions to keep their workforce informed on crucial issues. The development of worker and union involvement in an enterprise is known in Europe as ‘social partnership’. In some workplaces arrangements to involve workers more closely have been developed with formal â€Å"works councils†. European regulations require such works councils for large companies that operate in more than one EU country. They also require consultation where big changes or redundancies are planned. Sometimes companies and unions have to find imaginative solutions to changes in demand for goods and services. The social partnership approach allows both sides to explore ways of working to the benefit of employees as well as the enterprise. Many union movements in the underdeveloped countries have led anticolonial campaigns toward political independence. In the United States, Unions began developing in the 1830s. Among the important early organizations were the Knights of Labor and the Industrial Workers of the World. A milestone in the history of American unionism came in 1886 with the formation of a group that eventually became the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), an association that includes nearly all of the larger U.S. Unions. The U.S. Labor movement gained support from such new deal laws as the Wagner Act (1935), creating the National Labor Relations Board, but later was restricted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 and the Landrum-Griffin Act of 1959. By the late 1970s some 20 states had banned the closed shop through right-to-work laws. In bargaining with companies in economically troubled industries in the 1980s, U.S. Unions often sought to save existing jobs through concessions (give-backs) of earlier gains, and in 1993 unions unsuccessfully fought passage of the North American free trade agreement, fearing job losses if it were ratified. U.S. Union membership has steadily declined from its peak of 35.5% of the nonagricultural workforce in 1945; in 1992, when U.S. Unions had 16,390,000 members, it stood at 15.8%. Today there are unions in virtually every country in the world. In countries as far apart as South Africa and Poland unions have been at the forefront of campaigns for social change. Internationally, world trade unionism was split after 1949 between two rival organizations: the World Federation of Trade Unions (1945) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (1949). The International Labor Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations. How to cite Unions at the Work Place, Essay examples

Differentiating Between Market Structures free essay sample

Differentiating Between Market Structures Alana Campbell, Dale Fortune, Katrina Beyah, Leonard Cooper University of Phoenix ECO/212 Principles of Economics Donnetta McAdoo December 5, 2011 Differentiating Between Market Structures To understand the economy of today one must understand the different market structures that make up the economy. There are four market structures that define the economic structure within the world’s economy; perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Team A will provide example of each market structure by completing a market structure table. The members of Team A will also compare and contrast the differences between public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. Another portion of the paper will discuss how supply of labor and demand of labor affect labor equilibrium within the market. Team A selected Wal-Mart as the familiar organizational market structure to review, identify, and evaluate. Team A will also provide the factors that affect Wal-Mart’s labor supply and demand. Compare and Contrast To compare and contrast both public and private goods used within the Wal-Mart Corporation, differentiations help identify structures by which the company competes and profits. A public good is both non-rivalrous and non-excludable. Public goods are often although not always, supplied by a government rather than by private firms (p. 148). Classic examples of public goods include national defense and court systems. Conversely, goods both rival (competitive) and excludable (unique) define private goods (e. g. , food, clothing, haircuts, etc. ). In an economic business environment, Wal-Mart provides products and services to private sector consumers to generate profit. Watkins (2100), â€Å"Private goods are such that if one person receives more of them then necessarily there will be less for the other people. In contrast, public goods are those things that all people can simultaneously benefit from† (Nature of Public Goods). By definition a public good is one non-rival and non-excludable. Competing with rival competitors and guided by customer demands; public goods and private goods do not interrelate, but contrast by nature. Although Wal-Mart uses natural resources (e. g. , oil, gas, and water) that may equate to higher expenses, the prices on marketable products sold correlate to consumer demands, consumption, and competition. Common resources (e. g. , electricity, and natural gas) refined and sold through non-rival (non-direct) competitors provide adequate supplies to Wal-Mart facilities without diminishing, or reducing utility supplies to other entities. The goods that are non-rival but excludable involve a natural monopoly. According to  Auburn university  (2005), â€Å"Theoretically, natural monopoly arises when there are very large economies of scale relative to the existing demand for the industrys product, so that the larger the quantity of the good a single factory produces, the cheaper the average costs per unit get right up to production at a level more than sufficient to supply the entire demand in the relevant market area† (Natural monopoly). How Labor Market Equilibrium is Affected by Supply and Demand of Labor Labor equilibrium is the complete balance between the supply of labor and the demand of labor. Companies like Wal-Mart that sell and provide goods and services in the market of supply and demand are part of a buyers’ market in the labor market. When the market supply and demand are in a state of balance to one another and prices become stable it is considered to have reached a state of equilibrium. The labor equilibrium is affected by the supply and demand of labor if the supply of labor is greater than the demand of labor. The demand for labor is determined by the conduct of profit maximizing firms and how the marginal revenue product curve shifts to describe the amount of revenue added by each additional worker Wal-Mart hires. A demand labor curve shifts when there are changes in the price of good or service that a firm like Wal-Mart sells, and by changes in labor productivity for example, the introduction of new electronics. The supply curve for labor represents the behavior of the individual and the decision of how much labor to supply for a given wage, labor supply curve shifts if the individuals’ preferences for work over leisure change as most individuals tend to tradeoff between labor and leisure. Wal-Mart needs workers to sell, package, and distribute the products sold from its stores. References: Scherer, Frederic M., and David Ross. Industrial market structure and economic performance. (1990). Leland, Hayne E., and David H. Pyle. Informational asymmetries, financial structure, and financial intermediation. The journal of Finance 32.2 (1977): 371-387. Smith, Wendell R. Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies. The Journal of Marketing (1956): 3-8. Ettlie, John E., William P. Bridges, and Robert D. Okeefe. Organization strategy and structural differences for radical versus incremental innovation. Management science 30.6 (1984): 682-695. Hagedoorn, John. Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: Nterorganizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences. Strategic management journal 14.5 (1993): 371-385. Christensen, H. Kurt, and Cynthia A. Montgomery. Corporate economic performance: Diversification strategy versus market structure. Strategic Management Journal 2.4 (1981): 327-343.

Wilderness Essays - Animal Welfare, Zoo, Circus,

Wilderness Ethics Wildlife can be found all over the world. Animals come in all shapes and sizes and some still haven't even been accounted for. Animals were on this planet long before man, but they may not be here when man leaves. The animals' downfall results from the extensive studying, exploitation, and the destruction of their habitats, which should be against the law. There is a lot of information that can still be learned about certain species of animals. This information is good, only if it furthers human knowledge and the animal's well being. Studies done on animals involve clinical research. Taking an animal out of the wild simply to research it for common knowledge is unnecessary. Information on any animal can be gained by observation of the animal in its own natural habitat. Altering the behavior of animals is a different form of "injustice." The best example of the behavioral alteration is the circus. Under the big top of the circus, wild animals are taught to do tricks upon command. The audience sees obediently trained animals; but cannot see the process that it takes to tame those wild animals. The wild animals have a home in the circus until they lose their ability to perform. When the animals lose their ability to perform, they also lose their ability to fend for themselves in the wild. Therefore once their career in the circus is over, they must remain in captivity for the rest of their lives. Zoos are another business that profits at the expense of animals. Wild animals are hunted down and purposely taken from their habitat only to be put in cages. Over the years, zoos have become nicer and can accommodate a large number of species, but they are not the best home for animals. A life behind iron bars cannot compare to the life the animals would have running or flying free in the wild. The zoos' only justification is that the animals are taken care of well. Animals must be treated better, and their environments need to be saved if they are going to survive. Studying animals has a few benefits; but when the research is over, the animals are no better off. Despite the fact that zoos and the circus do more harm than good for the animals, they both will probably be around for along time. Therefore humans must learn to coexist with animal species that inhabited this planet long before man arrived.

QACA and Qatar Charities Essays

QACA and Qatar Charities Essays QACA and Qatar Charities Essay QACA and Qatar Charities Essay 1.4 Challenges Faced by QACA between 2004 and 2009 Despite the many gains that QACA achieved between 2004 and 2009, it had to overcome many challenges. First, the authority employed a small staff (less than 60 employees). Due to the small size of its workforce, the authority outsourced auditing services to third party entities such as PriceWaterhouse Coopers. Outsourcing of services became a major bone of contention between the authority and Islamic charities in Qatar. Some of the charities claim that the contracted third party auditors were unreliable and not objective, and that they could disclose confidential information to unauthorized parties. The charitable groups also complained that the routine audits conducted by the contracted auditors at the behest of QACA lacked clear terms of reference because the charities were not getting reports after the audits. Concern were also raised that the audit cycle was taking too long, which was too costly to the charities. The charities alleged that the contracted third parties were deliber ately taking too long to complete the audit process so as to earn more money. These claims were refuted by QACA, but severely dented the organizations image in the country. Another issue of concern related to information exchange between QACA and the various charities and state agencies operating in Qatar. Immediately QACA was formed, it embarked on developing a system of communication network through which it could facilitate exchange of information with stakeholders. The authority could also use the communication system to electronically monitor each charitable groups financial processes. Such a communication system was never implemented because the charitable sector felt that the system could violate the privacy and confidentiality of charities. Some charities expressed fears that financial information passed to QACA through the system could end up in the hands of the competitors. Due to these reservations, the communication system, though well intended, was never implemented. This severed communication between QACA on one hand, and Islamic charities and other stakeholders on the other (Jonathan, 2003). Another challenge faced by QACA was the strong opposition from Qatar international charities which complained that the authority was biased because it played a dual role as a government regulator and as a charitable organization. In fact, part of QACAs mandate was to provide charitable aid and humanitarian assistance. Accordingly, the authority was always involved in several instances of aid delivery especially during catastrophic disasters and in crisis hit areas. For example, it provided aid to Indonesia after the deadly tsunami of 2004. The authority also provided aid to Pakistan and China following a series of catastrophes. Other charity groups felt that QACAs duality of roles created conflict of interest and exacerbated a state of competition between QACA (as a regulator) and the charities. This led to constrained relationships, making it difficult for QACA to execute its mandate effectively. 1.5 Dissolution of QACA Qaca was disbanded in 2009 following a decision by the government to restructure state institutions and ministries. In the restructuring process, a number of small government agencies were merged into ministries. Resultantly, the activities of QACA were taken over by the Ministry of Social Affairs. During the five year period when the Qatar Authority on Charitable Activities existed, it achieved many successes, setting precedence for future oversight and control of the charity sector. In its oversight roles, the authority found no evidence that Qatari charities or their foreign partners were involved in any illegal activities such a terror financing or money laundering. This gave the Qatari charity sector a clean bill of health, making Qatar one of the few countries in the Middle East with a well managed, transparent and efficient charity sector. Although QACA has long been disbanded, the government continues to regulate and monitor the charity sector with the aim of ensuring that ch aritable funds are used to make the greatest impact and that they are not diverted to criminal activities. As could be expected, the dissolution of QACA caused an immediate and long-lasting impact on the charity sector. Some charities felt that the dissolution was a sign of fragmentation in the government administration of public state agencies. Some feared that although the dissolution was not targeted exclusively at QACA, it could cause the charity sector to be regulated more stringently. Until the time of its dissolution, QACA had been considered the pioneer of a consultative framework for government coordination of the non-governmental sector. As such, some stakeholders felt the amalgamation of the activities of QACA with those of the ministry to be a wrong step taken by the government at a time when governments in other parts of the world were doing the opposite.

Bill and Bentham Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bill and Bentham - Essay Example of imprisoning the murderer and permitting him to live may result in more killings; therefore, the death penalty is considerable and appropriate for killers. The utilitarian theory does not support eye for an eye in the sense that, if a man kills another, he should also be killed. The death penalty here deters any other criminal from committing the same crime or the occurrence of a similar crime. In this case, death penalty takes someone’s life and would prevent him or her from taking more lives; thus, providing the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism holds that the best course of an action is that which maximizes happiness and reduce suffering (Bentham 67). The moral worth of an action, according to this theory is only determined by its result. Any action intended to control the population for the purpose of inflicting happiness and comfort to the remaining people would be considered ethical, according to the utilitarianism. If the action prevents suffering for people, any action can be taken to prevent high population growth and make people glad to live. However, they believe that population control is vital for improving the stipulation of the working class so that they may enjoy outcomes of capital accumulation and technological progress. The multiplication of jollies with respect to the growth in population would not inflict any immorality provided that everybody is glad about his/her live and that no suffering is encountered as a result of unemployment caused by overpopulation. According to the utilitarianism, it is illogical and unreasonable to eliminate from the end any pleasure and feeling of any sentient being. They argue that animal rights should be granted according to the level of a creature’s self awareness without considering their species. However, if this would be strictly observed, our diets would be affected as people would not want to kill animals for meat. Utilitarianism suggests that it is easy for human

Orginators of socialst thought and action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Orginators of socialst thought and action - Essay Example Socialist was predominantly striking for Jews worried to leave Ghetto behind them and who, frustrated with the slow advancement of 19th- century liberalism, were eager to embrace a different worldwide faith. In France some considered the emancipation of the Jews as being one of the preconditions for the freedom of humankind. They alleged that Jewish monotheism foreshadowed the forthcoming harmony of mankind and their followers incorporated many French Jews. Socialism began in Russia later than Western Europe, in the next half of the 19th century. Following the death of Nicholas I and the accession of Alexander II led to the emancipation of the serfs and reduction of the repressive regime. Jewish became less secluded from broad stream of Russian communal life. Lots of Jewish socialist came from conventional homes and were slanted by the writing of Russian philosophers, whose effort they read at schools (Silberner, 36). Jews largely favored integration, since they regarded Judaism as outdated and thought that Jewish liberation would come about in the course of the liberalization of Russian citizens with whom the Jews should incorporate. Thus, most of the early Jewish socialist regarded the Russian socialism as more important than Jewish emancipation (Silberner, 44). Jews chose to join the revolutionaries and go to the people. A number of Jewish socialists transformed to Christianity to ease their actions amongst the public, while Jewish women socialist became estranged from Judaism by marriage to non-Jewish revolutionaries. The establishment of socialist regimes in European countries led to the repression of socialist parties and thus brought to an end the lengthy part of Jewish contribution in the fight for democratic socialist ideas in Russia (Silberner,